EPA receives various questions on recycling. Below are answers to some of the most common questions, broken down into five categories.
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Recycling is the process of collecting and processing materials that would otherwise be thrown away as trash and turning them into new products. Recycling can benefit your community, the economy and the environment.
EPA data show that recycling conserves energy and natural resources. For example:
When we make new products out of virgin materials, we expend energy to extract and process those materials. This includes burning fossil fuels. However, if we manufacture products using recycled materials, we reduce the need for virgin materials and save the energy required to extract and process them.
To estimate how much energy you can save by recycling certain products, EPA has developed a tool called the individual Waste Reduction Model (iWARM). This tool calculates how much energy you save by recycling aluminum cans, glass or plastic bottles, magazines or plastic grocery bags, and shows you how long those savings could power different electrical appliances.
The most effective way to reduce waste, and the most environmentally preferred strategy, is to not create it in the first place. Source reduction, along with material reuse, are the most functional ways to save natural resources, protect the environment and save money. Making a new product requires a lot of materials and energy, from extracting raw materials to fabricating the product to transporting it to the place of purchase. Check out EPA tips for reducing and reusing, and donation.
Please contact your local county or municipality to determine your local recycling options. Additionally, please check out the Earth911 website for more information.
Putting items in the recycling bin that can’t be recycled can contaminate the recycling stream. After these unrecyclable items arrive at recycling centers, they can cause costly damage to the equipment. Additionally, after arriving at recycling centers, they must be sorted out and then sent to landfills, which raises costs for the facility. That is why it is important to check with your local recycling provider to ensure that they will accept certain items before placing them into a bin. Some items may also be accepted at retail locations or other at local recycling centers.
Furthermore, some recycling providers require different types of materials to be collected in separate bins (multi-stream recycling), whereas other providers may accept different types of materials that are put together in the same bin (single-stream recycling).
Your local recycling facility might not accept all recyclable items. This is especially true with plastics. While plastic bottles are the most commonly recycled plastic products, other plastics may or may not be accepted in your area, so first check what your local recycling provider accepts. It is important to understand that the existence of a plastic resin code on the product does not guarantee that the product is recyclable in your area. Additionally, glass may not be accepted in some areas, so please confirm with your local provider.
Generally, these are the most commonly recycled items. Please confirm with your local recycling provider first before putting these items in your curbside recycling bin, however, since what is accepted depends on your area.
Generally, plastic bags and wraps, electronics, and textiles cannot go in a curbside recycling bin. Please check with your local recycling provider first, though, to be certain since it depends on your local area. Do not put items in your recycling bin unless you know they are accepted. Non-recyclable items can contaminate a whole load of recyclables, causing them to all be thrown out.
Compost is organic material that can be added to soil to help plants grow. It enriches soil, helping retain moisture and suppress plant diseases and pests. Compost also reduces the need for chemical fertilizers, and it encourages the production of beneficial bacteria and fungi that break down organic matter to create humus, a rich nutrient-filled material.
To compost at home, you’ll need browns (dead leaves, branches and/or twigs), greens (grass clippings, vegetable waste, fruit scraps and/or coffee grounds), and water, along with a dry, shady spot for your pile or bin.
View EPA’s Composting At Home page for more information.
EPA does not have information on the environmental benefits of paper versus plastic bags. The Agency encourages consumers to:
Consumers also can reduce waste by using reusable shopping bags.
First, be sure to cut off the zippers (if necessary).
Many grocery and department stores will accept plastic bags and wrap/film. Please ask your local grocery and department store, or visit the Earth911 to find a location nearest you that recycles plastic bags and plastic wrap/film.
Styrofoam: While most recyclers don’t accept Styrofoam, check with your local recycling provider first to be certain.
Egg cartons: It depends on the material of the carton. Please check with your local recycling provider first to be certain.
EPA uses a life cycle perspective when comparing the environmental impact of different materials and products. The Waste Reduction Model is a tool that can help an individual, business or municipality compare the environmental impact of 54 materials and six management practices. We don’t promote a single material or management practice; alternatively, we encourage users to compare scenarios themselves.
While we provide general guidance below, please check with your local recycling provider first for area-specific guidance.
Generally: Plastic, metal and glass materials must be empty and rinsed clean of food debris before being recycled. Paper materials must be empty, clean and dry before being recycled. Wet paper/food-soiled paper products may be compostable.
While we provide general guidance below, please check with your local solid waste agency/recycling provider first.
Generally, you should flush the excrement down the toilet and then place the diaper in the trash. Also, consider using reusable cloth diapers instead of disposable diapers.
Gently-worn clothes and shoes can be donated to many charities. For damaged clothes and shoes, please double check with your local charity to see if it will accept them. Additionally, some retail stores recycle clothing or shoes. Check your local ones to see if they accept these items for recycling.
Check with your local program first when recycling (whole) glass. Most curbside community recycling programs accept different glass colors and types mixed together.
Electronics: Manufacturers and retailers offer several options to donate or recycle electronics, including cell phones, computers and televisions. Please also check with your local recycling facility for best ways to recycle electronics, and visit our Electronics Donation and Recycling page for more information.
Bottle Caps: Please check with your local recycling provider first, but you should be able to recycle bottle caps if they are attached to the bottle. Please also verify whether you can recycle loose bottle caps.
Books: Check local places that take donations (schools, places of faith, charities, non-profits) to see if they will accept books, and contact your local recycling provider for ways you can recycle books in your area.
If you use gift wrap, look to find a type that can be recycled or that is made from recycled content. Consumers can also reduce waste by using decorative boxes that do not require wrapping and that can be recycled.
A lot of gift wrap isn’t recyclable because of the coating on the paper, which is often shiny and laminated. However, check with your local recycling provider first to be certain and for the best ways to dispose of wrapping paper.
The Agency encourages consumers to reuse gift bags and tissue paper, and not discard them after a single use.
EPA considers some leftover household products that can catch fire, react or explode under certain circumstances, or that are corrosive or toxic, as household hazardous wastes. Although it depends on your local solid waste agency/recycling facility, some examples include pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, paints, solvents, oil filters, light bulbs, batteries, aerosol cans that aren’t empty, ammunition, ammonia, antifreeze and nail polish.
For more information, please visit Post-Consumer Plastic Reuse.
Please see our Household Hazardous Waste web page for more information on household hazardous wastes and tips for how to reduce it in your home.
Paint: Check local places that take donations (schools, places of faith, charities, non-profits) to see if they will accept paint donations, and contact your local recycling or household hazardous waste facility for ways you can recycle paint in your area.
Barometers and thermometers: Please avoid discarding them in the trash. Check with your local recycling or household hazardous waste facility, or visit Earth911 for more information on ways to properly dispose them, as some thermometers are considered household hazardous waste.
Burnt-out light bulbs: Check with your local recycling facility for recycling options for burnt-out light bulbs, or take them to a retail store in your area that offers light bulb recycling.
A commercial is playing in which a young mother grabs a bottle of water as she heads out for a jog. She waves goodbye to her family playing soccer on the front lawn. She later finds a recycling bin in which she tosses the empty plastic bottle.
We learn in the commercial that this plastic bottle is one of 14,000 that are converted into carpet fiber every day, which can return to the mother’s home to provide softness and warmth underfoot for years to come. End of happy recycling story, right? If only it were so simple.
This commercial offers the opportunity to ask some rather sacrilegious questions about recycling, environmentalism’s favorite sacred cow. Recycling is often spoken of as an end in itself, a virtuous act that is inherently beneficial and even synonymous with environmentalism. But recycling is actually a means to an end.
So why do we recycle?
Recycling is held sacred because, if done right, it holds the promise of creating a circular economy where materials can be reused many times, displacing impacts of virgin materials, reducing impacts from end-of-life, and keeping these valuable technical nutrients in our system. At the same time, it can support the economy, provide jobs and give businesses a way to make products without damaging planetary life support systems.
Keeping these reasons and the commercial in mind, we pose three questions that can be used to assess whether a recycled material actually is beneficial to the environment and the community:
Reason 1: Recycled materials can displace the use of environmentally damaging sources of virgin raw materials from mines, oil wells, industrial agriculture, etc.
Question 1: Does using the recycled material reduce the use of virgin materials and reduce the life cycle environmental impact of producing the product?
At Interface, we know from firsthand experience that the answer to this is not always “yes.” In the late s, our first attempts to create a 100 percent recycled carpet tile backing from our old products actually produced a product with a larger environmental footprint due to the inefficiency of a three-part manufacturing process using energy intensive machinery.
However, life cycle assessment shows that the environmental footprint of PET (polyester) carpet yarn from drink bottles actually is smaller than carpet yarn from PET made entirely from oil and gas, and is substantially smaller than the footprint of carpet made with virgin nylon yarn.
So what’s the problem? The happy recycling story from the commercial has survived the first question.
Plastic bottle image by Dan Kosmayer via Shutterstock.
Reason 2: Recycling materials can reduce the negative impacts of end-of-life disposal in the environment, landfill or incineration.
Question 2: Does using the recycled material reduce the negative impacts associated with end-of-life disposal?
PET carpet gives those 14,000 bottles per day a useful second life. In fact, the carpet industry is one of the largest users of post-consumer PET bottles in the U.S. today. But if it weren’t for carpet, what would the end-of-life be for these bottles?
Interestingly, data shows that about 70 percent of PET bottles are not collected for recycling at all and 10 percent of what is collected falls out as waste during the recycling process. The PET recycling industry is actually in a situation where demand exceeds supply. There is no shortage of companies wanting to use the available 20 percent of PET bottles that are recycled into usable material, but there is a shortage of bottles being collected in the first place.
Unfortunately, by using so much of our sadly limited supply of post-consumer PET bottles for carpet yarn, we are ensuring that all of this material soon will end up in a landfill or an incinerator, because PET carpet is not recyclable. If PET carpet stopped using post-consumer material tomorrow, it is more than likely that the carpet industry’s portion of the collected bottles instead would become new fleece jackets, juice bottles or flexible packaging, all of which have more developed options for recycling at end-of-life.
PET carpet yarns crush and mat more easily than nylon, so need to be replaced more often, but almost no facilities in the U.S. will recycle them. Worse, the proliferation of PET carpet waste is putting the entire national carpet recycling industry in jeopardy, which brings us to Question No. 3.
Reason 3: Recycled materials can be used multiple times to create the basis for a circular economy that grows without needing new raw materials from the Earth.
Question 3: Is the recycled material used in such a way that it is recoverable to cycle multiple times through a circular economy?
PET carpet, passable on the question of displacing virgin raw material, and questionable on end-of-life benefits, fails the “circular economy” question quite spectacularly.
Plastic bottle image by Dan Kosmayer via Shutterstock.
Currently, the U.S. carpet recycling industry depends on the value of nylon in old carpet to be profitable. Most carpet fiber is made from nylon, a very durable plastic prized in many industries, including carpet and auto parts. In contrast, PET is a financial liability once it has been turned into carpet.
Every time a carpet recycler receives a load of carpet, the portion of the load that is PET carpet becomes a cost that eats into profit margins. Even in California, where a tax on new carpet sales subsidizes carpet recycling at 3 cents to 6 cents per pound, carpet recyclers are struggling to stay in business in the face of nearly 30 percent PET carpet in the incoming waste stream. State authorities are shutting down one recycler for running an illegal landfill after allowing PET and other non-recyclable carpet to build up into giant mountains in their facility for many months because they couldn’t afford to send it to a landfill or incinerator.
The PET carpet situation represents such a threat to the viability of the U.S. carpet recycling industry that the industry-funded Carpet America Recovery Effort has put out an RFP to sponsor the development of end-of-life solutions for PET carpet. In the meantime, some PET carpet manufacturers are re-branding their incineration of non-recyclable carpet such as PET as “recycled to energy,” because they are able to generate some electricity for their facilities by burning it.
The risk of making recycled content a sacred cow, enshrined in procurement policies and building standards, is that we might stop asking these tough questions and forget that recycling, for all its importance, is not an end unto itself. We run the risk of losing track of our original environmental goals and forgetting to question our assumptions, such as the assumption that we even need products like PET carpet, regardless whether made from recycled content, if they clearly undermine our efforts to build a circular economy we all can be proud of.
So what would our perfect recycling fantasy be? Something that would stand up to tough questions, solve environmental problems and build a better economy?
We’re working on something that comes close, but you’ll have to wait until next month’s column to find out more.
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