Types and Uses of Hypodermic Needles and Syringes

Hypodermic needles and syringes are indispensable in medical practice, essential for tasks such as medication administration, vaccinations, and blood draws. Their precise design enables controlled fluid delivery, ensuring optimal patient care. Available in various types and sizes, these tools are tailored to specific applications, empowering healthcare providers to select the most suitable instruments for each procedure. A thorough understanding of the differences and appropriate uses of hypodermic needles and syringes is crucial for safe and effective patient care.

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Purpose and Importance

Medication Administration

• Intramuscular (IM) Injections
  • Description: Involves injecting medication deep into the muscles, allowing for rapid absorption into the bloodstream. Common sites of injection include the Deltoid (shoulder) muscle, vastus lateralis (thigh) muscle, and gluteus maximus (buttocks) muscle.
  • Applications: Commonly used for administering vaccines, antibiotics, and hormonal therapies.
  • Needle Requirements: Typically, 22–25-gauge needles with lengths ranging from 1 to 1.5 inches are used for adults. For children or those with less muscle mass, shorter needles may be more appropriate.
• Subcutaneous (SC) Injections
  • Description: Medication is injected into the tissue layer between the skin and the muscle.
  • Applications: Used for medications that require slow, sustained absorption, such as insulin and heparin.
  • Needle Requirements: Generally, 25–30-gauge needles with lengths of ½ to ⅝ inch are used.
• Intradermal (ID) Injections
  • Description: Medication is injected into the dermis, just below the skin surface.
  • Applications: Often used for allergy testing and tuberculosis screening.
  • Needle Requirements: Typically, 26–30-gauge needles with lengths of ⅜ to ½ inch are used.

Vaccinations

• Purpose: Vaccines are administered to stimulate the immune system to protect against infectious diseases.
• Applications: Routine childhood immunizations, seasonal flu vaccines, travel vaccines, and more.
• Needle Requirements: The choice of needle gauge and length depends on the age and size of the patient, as well as the type of vaccine being administered. For example, intramuscular vaccines for adults often use 22–25-gauge needles, while subcutaneous vaccines may use 25–30-gauge needles.

Drawing Blood

• Purpose: Blood draws are essential for diagnostic testing, monitoring of medical conditions, and blood donations.
• Applications: Routine blood tests, blood donations, glucose monitoring, and more.
• Needle Requirements: Typically, needles are used for blood draws. Butterfly needles, with their flexible wings, are often preferred for patients with difficult veins, such as children or the elderly.

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Types and Sizes of Hypodermic Needles

Hypodermic needles are essential instruments in medical environments, crafted for specific uses depending on their types and sizes. Each type of needle fulfills a distinct function, providing optimal performance and safety in a range of medical procedures.

A study by Busillo et. al., indicates that plastic hypodermic needles have potential as a replacement for steel needles, showing promising results in terms of penetration force and structural integrity. While plastic needles exhibited higher penetration forces compared to steel needles and passed various structural tests, they need further refinement in areas like lubrication, tip design, and material selection. Skin mimics, such as polyurethane and pig skin, were effective in evaluating needle performance, suggesting that similar results could be expected with human skin. Future research aims to enhance plastic needle design to match or surpass the performance of steel needles, including improving stiffness and suitability for deeper and angled injections (1).

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Standard Needles

• Description: Standard needles are versatile and used for a wide range of medical procedures, including general injections and blood draws. These needles are available in various gauges and lengths to suit different purposes and patient needs.
• Common Gauges:
  • 18-22 Gauge: Larger gauges are used for procedures requiring thicker needles, such as administering viscous medications, rapid fluid administration, or drawing blood.
  • 23-30 Gauge: Smaller gauges are suitable for more delicate procedures, such as intradermal injections, subcutaneous injections, and administering medications that require finer needles to minimize tissue trauma.
• Applications: Standard needles are used in a variety of settings, from hospitals and clinics to outpatient facilities and home healthcare.

One example is the RELI® Conventional Hypodermic Needle, a top-tier choice for those seeking reliable and high-quality needles. Designed with a proprietary regular wall for enhanced flow and durability, these needles are available in both regular and thin wall options to suit various needs. The siliconized three-facet bevel is designed for smooth insertion, making the process more comfortable for patients. With color-coded hubs, identifying the correct gauge is quick and easy, improving efficiency. Safety is a priority, with OSHA-compliant engineering and rigorous computerized grinding paired with 100% visual camera inspection to guarantee sharp, consistent quality. Additionally, these needles are non-PVC, DEHP-free, and not made with natural rubber latex, making them safe for patients and environmentally friendly. 

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Safety Needles

• Description: Safety needles incorporate features designed to reduce the risk of needlestick injuries. These features may include retractable needles that withdraw into the syringe after use or protective shields that cover the needle.
• Applications: They are primarily utilized in high-risk settings such as hospitals, emergency rooms, and clinics, where the potential for accidental needlestick injuries is elevated. Safety needles play a critical role in safeguarding healthcare workers from exposure to bloodborne pathogens.

Butterfly Needles

• Description: Also known as winged infusion sets, butterfly needles have a unique design featuring flexible wings on either side of the needle. These wings allow for better control and positioning of the needle, making the process easier for the practitioner and more comfortable for the patient.
• Applications: They are primarily utilized in high-risk settings such as hospitals, emergency rooms, and clinics, where the potential for accidental needlestick injuries is elevated. Safety needles play a critical role in safeguarding healthcare workers from exposure to bloodborne pathogens.

Blunt Fill Needles

• Description: Blunt fill needles are characterized by their non-sharp, blunt tip, which reduces the risk of coring—the removal of rubber particles from vial stoppers that could contaminate the medication.
• Applications: These needles are used during medication preparation to draw up fluids without damaging the vial's rubber stopper. Blunt fill needles are a key component in reducing the risk of needlestick injuries during the preparation of injectable medications.

Common Sizes of Hypodermic Needles

Gauge Sizes

• 18 Gauge
  • Uses: Administering thick, viscous medications, drawing blood, rapid fluid administration, and blood transfusions.
• 20 Gauge
  • Uses: Drawing blood, injecting thick medications, and administering large volumes of fluids quickly.
• 22 Gauge
  • Uses: General-purpose injections, drawing blood, and administering certain medications intramuscularly.
• 23-25 Gauge
  • Uses: Intramuscular and subcutaneous injections, vaccinations, and pediatric injections.
• 26-30 Gauge
  • Uses: Intradermal injections, insulin administration, and other subcutaneous injections where minimal tissue damage is desired.

Length Sizes:

• ⅜ Inch
  • Uses: Intradermal injections, such as allergy tests and tuberculosis screenings.
• ½ Inch
  • Uses: Subcutaneous injections, such as insulin or heparin.
• ⅝ Inch
  • Uses: Subcutaneous injections that require slightly deeper penetration.
• 1 Inch
  • Uses: Intramuscular injections in the deltoid muscle (upper arm), typically used for vaccines and other medications.
• 1½ Inch and Above
  • Uses: Intramuscular injections in larger muscle groups, such as the gluteus maximus (buttocks) or the vastus lateralis (thigh), especially in adults and patients with more body mass.

Types of Syringes

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Syringes are fundamental tools in medical practice, designed to administer medications, draw blood, and perform various other medical procedures. They come in different types and designs to suit specific applications, ensuring precision, safety, and efficiency in healthcare settings.

Luer Lock Syringes

Description

• Design: Luer lock syringes feature a twist-lock mechanism that securely attaches the needle to the syringe. This mechanism ensures a firm and stable connection, preventing the needle from detaching during use.
• Structure: The syringe has threads on the tip that match the needle's hub, allowing the needle to be screwed on and securely locked in place.

At MYCO, we have the RELI® Conventional Hypodermic Needle with Pre-attached Luer Lock Syringe. This advanced needle features a proprietary regular wall design that enhances flow and durability and is available in both regular and thin wall options. The siliconized three-facet bevel warrants smooth insertion, while the color-coded hubs simplify gauge identification. Engineered with OSHA-compliant safety features, these needles offer sharp, consistent quality through computerized grinding and 100% visual camera inspection. Additionally, they are non-PVC, DEHP-free, and free from natural rubber latex, making them a safe and reliable choice for various medical applications.

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Applications

• Secure Needle Attachment: Ideal for procedures where secure needle attachment is crucial to prevent disconnection, such as administering intravenous (IV) medications or drawing blood.
• Intravenous Therapy: Commonly used in hospitals and clinics for IV therapy to ensure the needle remains securely attached during the administration of fluids and medications.
• Vaccinations and Blood Draws: Used for vaccinations and blood draws to prevent accidental needle detachment, enhancing patient safety and procedural efficiency.

Luer Slip Syringes

Description

• Design: Luer slip syringes have a smooth, tapered tip that allows for quick and easy needle attachment and removal. The needle is pushed onto the syringe tip and held in place by friction.
• Structure: The slip tip design enables rapid changes of needles, making it convenient for procedures that require frequent needle switches.

Applications

• Rapid Needle Changes: Suitable for procedures requiring quick needle changes, such as when different medications need to be administered sequentially.
• General Medication Administration: Used for administering a variety of medications, from injections to oral medications (with the needle removed).
• Flexibility in Use: Commonly used in outpatient settings, home healthcare, and other scenarios where quick and flexible needle attachment is advantageous.

Safety Syringes

Description

• Design: Safety syringes are equipped with built-in safety features designed to reduce the risk of needlestick injuries. These features may include retractable needles that withdraw into the syringe barrel after use or shields that cover the needle after injection.
• Structure: The safety mechanisms are integrated into the syringe design to protect healthcare providers from accidental needle sticks.

Applications

• High-Risk Environments: Used in settings with a high risk of needlestick injuries, such as hospitals, emergency rooms, and clinics.
• Enhanced Safety: Essential for procedures involving potentially infectious materials to protect healthcare workers from exposure to bloodborne pathogens.
• Compliance with Safety Regulations: Often required in facilities adhering to strict safety protocols and regulations to minimize occupational hazards.

Prefilled Syringes

Description

• Design: Prefilled syringes come with a pre-measured dose of medication already filled and sealed. They are typically disposable and designed for single use.
• Structure: The syringe is preloaded with the exact dosage required, reducing the need for manual filling and minimizing dosing errors.

Applications

• Vaccinations: Commonly used for vaccines to ensure accurate dosing and maintain sterility. Prefilled syringes are convenient for mass vaccination programs.
• Emergency Medications: Used for emergency medications, such as epinephrine or naloxone, where quick administration is critical. Prefilled syringes allow for immediate use without the need for preparation.
• Convenience and Accuracy: Ideal for situations where quick and accurate dosing is essential, reducing preparation time and the risk of contamination.

Tuberculin Syringes

Description

• Design: Tuberculin syringes are small-capacity syringes, typically holding 1 ml or less, designed for precise dosing. They have fine, clear markings to ensure accurate measurement of small volumes.
• Structure: The syringe is calibrated in milliliters and fractions of a milliliter, with a fine gauge needle attached for precision.

Applications

• Tuberculosis Tests: Used for administering purified protein derivative (PPD) in tuberculosis skin tests. The small volume and fine needle ensure accurate placement of the test substance just under the skin.
• Allergy Tests: Utilized in allergy testing to deliver precise amounts of allergens for skin testing.
• Small Dose Medications: Ideal for administering small doses of medication, such as certain pediatric medications, where precise dosing is crucial.

Importance of Proper Selection and Use

Effective Patient Care

• Precision: Using the correct needle and syringe size ensures precise medication administration, reducing the risk of complications and improving patient outcomes.
• Safety: Properly handling and disposing of needles and syringes minimizes the risk of needlestick injuries and infections, protecting both healthcare providers and patients.

Efficiency in Medical Practice

• Versatility: The wide range of needle and syringe types allows healthcare providers to perform various medical procedures efficiently and effectively.
• Adaptability: Different needle gauges and lengths can be adapted to the specific needs of each patient and procedure, ensuring optimal care.

By understanding the different types, sizes, and uses of hypodermic needles and syringes, healthcare providers can select the appropriate tools for each procedure. This knowledge enhances patient care, improves safety, and boosts efficiency in medical practice.

Syringe Capacity

Syringes are available in various capacities to meet the specific needs of different medical procedures. The capacity of a syringe is a critical factor in determining its suitability for particular applications, from administering small doses of medication to handling large volumes for irrigation or feeding. Here’s an expanded look at the common syringe capacities and their uses:

1 ml (Tuberculin Syringe)

Description

• Small Capacity: These syringes are designed to hold a small volume of fluid, typically up to 1 ml. They are marked with fine, precise measurements to guarantee accurate dosing.
• Design: Tuberculin syringes have clear, fine calibration marks in milliliters and fractions of a milliliter, allowing for precise measurement of small amounts of medication or fluid. They are usually fitted with a fine gauge needle for minimal discomfort during injections.

Uses

• Administering Small Doses of Medication: Ideal for medications that require precise dosing, such as pediatric medications, or other hormone therapies.
• Tuberculosis Tests: Used for intradermal injections of purified protein derivative (PPD) in tuberculosis skin tests. The small volume and fine needle allow for accurate placement just beneath the skin.
• Vaccinations: Suitable for administering vaccines where only a small dose is required, ensuring accuracy and minimizing waste.

3 ml

Description

• Standard Size: The 3 ml syringe is the most commonly used size for a variety of medical procedures. It offers a good balance between capacity and ease of use.
• Design: These syringes are typically marked in milliliters and may have additional markings for more precise measurements. They can be fitted with various needle gauges depending on the application.

Uses:

• Administering Vaccines: Commonly used for intramuscular or subcutaneous vaccinations, providing enough volume for standard doses.
• Medication Administration: Suitable for a wide range of medications, including antibiotics, pain relievers, and other injectable drugs.
• Drawing Blood: Used for blood collection in clinical settings, providing sufficient volume for most standard blood tests.

5-10 ml

Description

• Larger Capacity: These syringes can hold between 5 and 10 ml of fluid, making them suitable for administering larger doses of medication or fluids.
• Design: They are marked in milliliters, allowing for accurate measurement of larger volumes. These syringes can be used with various needle sizes depending on the intended use.

Uses

• Medications Requiring Larger Volumes: Ideal for medications that need to be administered in larger doses, such as certain antibiotics or hydration fluids.
• IV Bolus Injections: Used for delivering a large volume of fluid or medication rapidly into the bloodstream.
• Aspirating Fluids: Useful for drawing fluids from the body, such as during certain diagnostic procedures or treatments where fluid needs to be removed.

20-60 ml

Description

• Extra-Large Capacity: These syringes are designed for high-volume applications, holding between 20 and 60 ml of fluid.
• Design: They have clear markings for precise measurement and are often used with larger bore needles or catheter attachments to facilitate the transfer of large fluid volumes.

Uses

• Irrigation of Wounds: Used to clean and irrigate wounds by delivering a large volume of sterile solution to flush out debris and bacteria, promoting healing.
• Tube Feeding: Employed in enteral feeding to administer nutrition directly into a patient's stomach or intestines via a feeding tube.
• High-Volume Applications: Suitable for other high-volume medical procedures, such as bladder irrigation or certain surgical applications where large amounts of fluid are required.

Uses of Hypodermic Needles and Syringes

Hypodermic needles and syringes are fundamental instruments in medical practice, utilized for medication administration, blood draws, and fluid aspiration and irrigation. Selecting the appropriate needle and syringe for each specific application is essential for ensuring effective and safe patient care. Understanding their various uses and types helps in optimizing outcomes and minimizing risks during medical procedures.

1. Medication Administration

Intramuscular (IM) Injections

• Needle: Typically, 22-25 gauge, 1-1.5 inches in length.
• Uses
  • Vaccines: Administering vaccines such as influenza, tetanus, and hepatitis. IM injections allow the vaccine to be absorbed quickly into the bloodstream.
  • Antibiotics: Delivering antibiotics like penicillin or ceftriaxone directly into the muscle, ensuring rapid onset of action for serious infections.
  • Hormonal Therapies: Administering hormones such as testosterone or progesterone. IM injections are used when a slow and steady release of medication is needed.

Subcutaneous (SC) Injections

• Needle: Typically 25-30 gauge, ½-⅝ inches in length.
• Uses
  • Insulin: Administering insulin for diabetes management. SC injections provide a controlled release of insulin into the bloodstream.
  • Heparin: Delivering anticoagulant medications like heparin to prevent blood clots. SC injections warrant the medication is absorbed slowly.
  • Other Medications: Administering medications such as allergy treatments, pain medications, and some vaccines that are best absorbed through the fatty tissue beneath the skin.

Intradermal (ID) Injections

• Needle: Typically 26-30 gauge, ⅜-½ inches in length.
• Uses
  • Allergy Tests: Conducting allergy tests by injecting small amounts of allergens just beneath the skin surface to observe for reactions.
  • Tuberculosis Screening: Administering purified protein derivative (PPD) for tuberculosis skin tests to detect TB infection. The reaction is read 48-72 hours after the injection.

2. Blood Draws

Needle: Typically 18-23 gauge.

• Butterfly Needles
  • Description: Winged infusion sets, also known as butterfly needles, have flexible wings for easier control and less discomfort during insertion. (21-23 gauge)
  • Uses: Commonly used for patients with difficult veins, such as children, the elderly, or those with compromised veins due to frequent blood draws or chemotherapy. Butterfly needles provide better control and comfort during the procedure.

Uses

• Collecting Blood Samples: Drawing blood for laboratory tests to diagnose conditions, monitor health status, or measure levels of various substances in the blood.
  • Routine Tests: Such as complete blood count (CBC), blood glucose levels, and lipid profiles.
  • Specialized Tests: Including blood cultures, hormone levels, and specific disease markers.
• Blood Donations: Collecting blood for transfusions. Large gauge needles (16-18 gauge) are used to allow for rapid blood flow and minimize the time needed for donation.
• Monitoring Medical Conditions: Regular blood draws to monitor chronic conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, and anticoagulation therapy.

3. Fluid Aspiration and Irrigation

Needle: Various sizes depending on the volume and viscosity of the fluid.

• Syringe: Larger capacity syringes (10-60 ml) for aspirating fluids from body cavities or irrigating wounds.

Uses

• Draining Abscesses: Removing pus from abscesses to alleviate pain and promote healing. A large-bore needle is used to puncture the abscess and draw out the fluid.
• Performing Paracentesis: Aspiration of fluid from the abdominal cavity, often used to diagnose or relieve symptoms of conditions like ascites (fluid accumulation due to liver disease or cancer).
• Irrigating Wounds: Flushing out wounds with sterile solutions to remove debris, bacteria, and necrotic tissue. This promotes healing and reduces the risk of infection. Larger syringes (20-60 ml) are typically used for this purpose.
• Joint Aspiration: Removing excess fluid from joints (arthrocentesis) to relieve pain and swelling, commonly performed in cases of arthritis, gout, or joint infections.

FAQ: Hypodermic Needles and Syringes

1. What are the different types of hypodermic needles?

Hypodermic needles vary by gauge (thickness) and length. Common types include:

• Standard Needles: Used for general injections and blood draws, available in various gauges and lengths.
• Safety Needles: Designed with retractable or shielded features to reduce needlestick injuries.
• Butterfly Needles: Have flexible wings for easier control and less discomfort, often used for blood draws or IV medications.
• Blunt Fill Needles: Blunt-tipped for drawing up medications without coring the vial.

2. How do I choose the right needle gauge and length?

Choosing the right needle depends on the type of injection and patient factors:

• Intramuscular (IM) Injections: Typically use 22-25 gauge needles, 1-1.5 inches in length.
• Subcutaneous (SC) Injections: Typically use 25-30 gauge needles, ½-⅝ inches in length.
• Intradermal (ID) Injections: Typically use 26-30 gauge needles, ⅜-½ inches in length. Consider the medication's viscosity, the injection site, and the patient's age and size.

3. What types of syringes are available, and what are their uses?

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Syringes come in various capacities and designs:

• 1 ml (Tuberculin Syringe): For precise dosing, tuberculosis tests, and vaccinations.
• 3 ml: Standard size for many injections, including vaccines and medications.
• 5-10 ml: For larger medication volumes or IV bolus injections.
• 20-60 ml: For wound irrigation, tube feeding, and high-volume applications.
• Luer Lock Syringes: Have a twist-lock mechanism for secure needle attachment, used in settings where secure connections are critical.
• Luer Slip Syringes: Have a slip tip for quick needle attachment, suitable for rapid needle changes.
• Safety Syringes: With built-in safety features to reduce needlestick injuries.
• Prefilled Syringes: Contain a specific medication dose, reducing dosing errors and improving convenience.

4. How should I handle and dispose of hypodermic needles and syringes safely?

Safe handling and disposal are crucial to prevent injuries and infections:

• Handling: Always use protective gear, handle needles carefully, and never recap needles after use.
• Disposal: Place used needles and syringes directly into an approved sharps container immediately after use. Do not overfill the container and follow local regulations for disposal.
• Sterilization: For reusable instruments, clean and sterilize according to guidelines to maintain sterility.

5. What are the common uses of hypodermic needles and syringes in medical practice?

Hypodermic needles and syringes are used for various medical tasks, including:

• Medication Administration: Intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intradermal injections for vaccines, medications, and allergy tests.
• Blood Draws: Collecting blood samples for laboratory testing and blood donations.
• Fluid Aspiration and Irrigation: Draining abscesses, performing paracentesis, and irrigating wounds to prevent infection.

6. Are there innovations in hypodermic needles and syringes to improve safety and efficiency?

Yes, recent advancements include:

• Laser-Cut Blades: Offering enhanced sharpness and precision.
• Safety Mechanisms: Retractable and shielded needles to reduce the risk of needlestick injuries.
• Smart Syringe Systems: Integrated with imaging technologies for real-time guidance.
• Environmentally Friendly Materials: Advances in materials making disposable needles and syringes eco-friendlier and more cost-effective.

7. What factors should I consider when selecting a syringe for a specific procedure?

Consider the following factors:

• Volume of Medication: Choose a syringe with the appropriate capacity.
• Type of Medication: Ensure the syringe material is compatible with the medication.
• Injection Site: Match the needle gauge and length with the injection site and patient needs.
• Safety Features: Consider syringes with safety features to prevent injuries.

By understanding the different types and uses of hypodermic needles and syringes, healthcare providers can ensure precise, safe, and effective patient care across various medical settings.

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Get Needles, Syringes, and More from MYCO Medical

MYCO Medical is a NMSDC Certified Diversity Supplier specializing in delivering premium medical devices and disposables to health systems throughout the United States and Canada. Since , we've helped countless hospitals and care centers overcome their biggest supply chain challenges and build a consistent stream of high-quality medical supplies.

Our needles and syringes are made with effective safety mechanisms to help provide optimal sharps protection and minimize the risk of accidental needle stick injury. All needles are manufactured to strict quality standards using computerized grinding and 100% visual camera inspection to ensure sharp, consistent, and high-quality needles in FDA-inspected ISO certified facilities which utilize good manufacturing practices per USFDA standards.

Browse our wide selection of durable Luer lock syringes, insulin syringes, hypodermic syringes, hypodermic needles, safety syringes, specialty needles and more, or contact our sales team today and receive a free complimentary sample and quote for our most popular products.

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Reference:

1. Busillo, E. and Colton, J. S. (). Characterization of plastic hypodermic needles. Journal of Medical Devices, 3(4). https://doi.org/10./1.

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Medical injection device SyringeClassificationMedical deviceIndustryHealthcareApplicationInjectionInventorCharles Pravaz (screw)
Alexander Wood (plunger)Invented (172 years ago) ( )

A syringe is a simple reciprocating pump consisting of a plunger (though in modern syringes, it is actually a piston) that fits tightly within a cylindrical tube called a barrel. The plunger can be linearly pulled and pushed along the inside of the tube, allowing the syringe to take in and expel liquid or gas through a discharge orifice at the front (open) end of the tube. The open end of the syringe may be fitted with a hypodermic needle, a nozzle or tubing to direct the flow into and out of the barrel. Syringes are frequently used in clinical medicine to administer injections, infuse intravenous therapy into the bloodstream, apply compounds such as glue or lubricant, and draw/measure liquids. There are also prefilled syringes (disposable syringes marketed with liquid inside).

The word "syringe" is derived from the Greek σῦριγξ (syrinx, meaning "Pan flute", "tube").

Medical syringes

[edit] See also: Hypodermic needle

Medical syringes include disposable and safety syringes, injection pens, needleless injectors, insulin pumps, and specialty needles.[2] Hypodermic syringes are used with hypodermic needles to inject liquid or gases into body tissues, or to remove from the body. Injecting of air into a blood vessel is hazardous, as it may cause an air embolism; preventing embolisms by removing air from the syringe is one of the reasons for the familiar image of holding a hypodermic syringe pointing upward, tapping it, and expelling a small amount of liquid before an injection into the bloodstream.

The barrel of a syringe is made of plastic or glass, usually has graduated marks indicating the volume of fluid in the syringe, and is nearly always transparent. Glass syringes may be sterilized in an autoclave. Plastic syringes can be constructed as either two-part or three-part designs. A three-part syringe contains a plastic plunger/piston with a rubber tip to create a seal between the piston and the barrel, where a two-part syringe is manufactured to create a perfect fit between the plastic plunger and the barrel to create the seal without the need for a separate synthetic rubber piston. Two-part syringes have been traditionally used in European countries to prevent introduction of additional materials such as silicone oil needed for lubricating three-part plungers.[3] Most modern medical syringes are plastic because they are cheap enough to dispose of after being used only once, reducing the risk of spreading blood-borne diseases. Reuse of needles and syringes has caused spread of diseases, especially HIV and hepatitis, among intravenous drug users. Syringes are also commonly reused by diabetics, as they can go through several in a day with multiple daily insulin injections, which becomes an affordability issue for many. Even though the syringe and needle are only used by a single person, this practice is still unsafe as it can introduce bacteria from the skin into the bloodstream and cause serious and sometimes lethal infections.[4] In medical settings, single-use needles and syringes effectively reduce the risk of cross-contamination.[5]

Medical syringes are sometimes used without a needle for orally administering liquid medicines to young children or animals, or milk to small young animals, because the dose can be measured accurately and it is easier to squirt the medicine into the subject's mouth instead of coaxing the subject to drink out of a measuring spoon.

Tip designs

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Syringes come with a number of designs for the area in which the blade locks to the syringe body. Perhaps the most well known of these is the Luer lock, which simply twists the two together.

Bodies featuring a small, plain connection are known as slip tips and are useful for when the syringe is being connected to something not featuring a screw lock mechanism.

Similar to this is the catheter tip, which is essentially a slip tip but longer and tapered, making it good for pushing into things where there the plastic taper can form a tight seal. These can also be used for rinsing out wounds or large abscesses in veterinary use.

There is also an eccentric tip, where the nozzle at the end of the syringe is not in the centre of the syringe but at the side. This causes the blade attached to the syringe to lie almost in line with the walls of the syringe itself and they are used when the blade needs to get very close to parallel with the skin (when injecting into a surface vein or artery for example).

Standard U-100 insulin syringes

[edit]

Syringes for insulin users are designed for standard U-100 insulin. The dilution of insulin is such that 1 mL of insulin fluid has 100 standard "units" of insulin.[6] A typical insulin vial may contain 10 mL, for units.

Insulin syringes are made specifically for a patient to inject themselves, and have features to assist this purpose when compared to a syringe for use by a healthcare professional:

• shorter needles,[7] as insulin injections are subcutaneous (under the skin) rather than intramuscular,
• finer gauge needles,[7] for less pain,
• markings in insulin units to simplify drawing a measured dose of insulin, and[8]
• low dead space to reduce complications caused by improper drawing order of different insulin strengths.[9]

U-100 syringe sizes and markings

1cc (1 mL) Syringe Holds maximum: 100 units[10] Numbered in: 10 unit increments[10] Smallest line measures 2 units:[11] BD[10]
ReliOn[12]
Monoject[13]
(all but 31 gauge needle) Smallest line measures 1 unit: Easy Touch[14]
Precision Sure Dose[13] 1/2cc (0.5 mL) Syringe Holds maximum: 50 units[15] Numbered in: 10 unit increments[15] Smallest line measures 1 unit:[11] BD[15]
Precision Sure Dose[13]
Ulti-Care[13][16]
Easy Touch[17]
ReliOn[12]
Monoject[13] 3/10cc (0.3 mL) Syringe Holds maximum: 30 units[18] Numbered in: 5 unit increments[18] Smallest line measures 1 unit:[11] BD Micro Fine[13]
BD Ultra Fine[13][18]
(standard length only)
Monoject[13]
Easy Touch[19]
UltiCare[13] Half-unit scale 3/10cc (0.3 mL) Syringe[20] Holds maximum: 30 units[18] Numbered in: 5 unit increments[18] Smallest line measures 1/2 unit: BD Ultra Fine II (short)[13][18]
ReliOn[12][13]

Multishot needle syringes

[edit]

There are needle syringes designed to reload from a built-in tank (container) after each injection, so they can make several or many injections on a filling. These are not used much in human medicine because of the risk of cross-infection via the needle. An exception is the personal insulin autoinjector used by diabetic patients and in dual-chambered syringe designs intended to deliver a prefilled saline flush solution after the medication.[21]

Venom extraction syringes

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Venom extraction syringes are different from standard syringes, because they usually do not puncture the wound. The most common types have a plastic nozzle which is placed over the affected area, and then the syringe piston is pulled back, creating a vacuum that allegedly sucks out the venom. Attempts to treat snakebites in this way are specifically advised against, as they are ineffective and can cause additional injury.[22]

Syringes of this type are sometimes used for extracting human botfly larvae from the skin.[23]

Oral

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An oral syringe is a measuring instrument used to accurately measure doses of liquid medication, expressed in millilitres (mL). They do not have threaded tips, because no needle or other device needs to be screwed onto them. The contents are simply squirted or sucked from the syringe directly into the mouth of the person or animal.

Oral syringes are available in various sizes, from 1–10 mL and larger. An oral syringe is typically purple in colour to distinguish it from a standard injection syringe with a luer tip.[24] The sizes most commonly used are 1 mL, 2.5 mL, 3 mL, 5 mL and 10 mL.[25]

Dental syringes

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A dental syringe is used by dentists for the injection of an anesthetic.[26] It consists of a breech-loading syringe fitted with a sealed cartridge containing an anesthetic solution.

In , Bayer Dental developed, coined and produced a sealed cartridge system under the registered trademark Carpule®. The current trademark owner is Kulzer Dental GmbH.

The carpules have long been reserved for anesthetic products for dental use. It is practically a bottomless flask. The latter is replaced by an elastomer plug that can slide in the body of the cartridge. This plug will be pushed by the plunger of the syringe. The neck is closed with a rubber cap. The dentist places the cartridge directly into a stainless steel syringe, with a double-pointed (single-use) needle. The tip placed on the cartridge side punctures the capsule and the piston will push the product. There is therefore no contact between the product and the ambient air during use.

The ancillary tool (generally part of a dental engine) used to supply water, compressed air or mist (formed by combination of water and compressed air) to the oral cavity for the purpose of irrigation (cleaning debris away from the area the dentist is working on), is also referred to as a dental syringe or a dental irrigation nozzle.

A 3-way syringe/nozzle has separate internal channels supplying air, water or a mist created by combining the pressurized air with the waterflow. The syringe tip can be separated from the main body and replaced when necessary.

In the UK and Ireland, manually operated hand syringes are used to inject lidocaine into patients' gums.[27][28][26]

Dose-sparing syringes

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A dose-sparing syringe is one which minimises the amount of liquid remaining in the barrel after the plunger has been depressed. These syringes feature a combined needle and syringe, and a protrusion on the face of the plunger to expel liquid from the needle hub. Such syringes were particularly popular during the COVID-19 pandemic as vaccines were in short supply.[29]

Regulation

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In some jurisdictions, the sale or possession of hypodermic syringes may be controlled or prohibited without a prescription,[30] due to its potential use with illegal intravenous drugs.[31]

Non-medical uses

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The syringe has many non-medical applications.

Laboratory applications

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Medical-grade disposable hypodermic syringes are often used in research laboratories for convenience and low cost. Another application is to use the needle tip to add liquids to very confined spaces, such as washing out some scientific apparatus. They are often used for measuring and transferring solvents and reagents where a high precision is not required. Alternatively, microliter syringes can be used to measure and dose chemicals very precisely by using a small diameter capillary as the syringe barrel.

The polyethylene construction of these disposable syringes usually makes them rather chemically resistant. There is, however, a risk of the contents of the syringes leaching plasticizers from the syringe material. Non-disposable glass syringes may be preferred where this is a problem. Glass syringes may also be preferred where a very high degree of precision is important (i.e. quantitative chemical analysis), because their engineering tolerances are lower and the plungers move more smoothly. In these applications, the transfer of pathogens is usually not an issue.

Used with a long needle or cannula, syringes are also useful for transferring fluids through rubber septa when atmospheric oxygen or moisture are being excluded. Examples include the transfer of air-sensitive or pyrophoric reagents such as phenylmagnesium bromide and n-butyllithium respectively. Glass syringes are also used to inject small samples for gas chromatography (1 μl) and mass spectrometry (10 μl). Syringe drivers may be used with the syringe as well.

Cooking

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Some culinary uses of syringes are injecting liquids (such as gravy) into other foods, or for the manufacture of some candies.

Syringes may also be used when cooking meat to enhance flavor and texture by injecting juices inside the meat, and in baking to inject filling inside a pastry. It is common for these syringes to be made of stainless steel components, including the barrel. Such facilitates easy disassembly and cleaning.

Others

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Syringes are used to refill ink cartridges with ink in fountain pens.

Common workshop applications include injecting glue into tight spots to repair joints where disassembly is impractical or impossible; and injecting lubricants onto working surfaces without spilling.

Sometimes a large hypodermic syringe is used without a needle for very small baby mammals to suckle from in artificial rearing.

Historically, large pumps that use reciprocating motion to pump water were referred to as syringes. Pumps of this type were used as early firefighting equipment.

There are fountain syringes where the liquid is in a bag or can and goes to the nozzle via a pipe. In earlier times, clyster syringes were used for that purpose.

Loose snus is often applied using modified syringes. The nozzle is removed so the opening is the width of the chamber. The snus can be packed tightly into the chamber and plunged into the upper lip. Syringes, called portioners, are also manufactured for this particular purpose.

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Historical timeline

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• Piston syringes were used in ancient times. During the 1st century AD Aulus Cornelius Celsus mentioned the use of them to treat medical complications in his De Medicina.[32]
• 9th century: The Iraqi/Egyptian surgeon Ammar ibn 'Ali al-Mawsili' described a syringe in the 9th century using a hollow glass tube, and suction to remove cataracts from patients' eyes, a practice that remained in use until at least the 13th century.[33]
• Pre-Columbian Native Americans created early hypodermic needles and syringes using "hollow bird bones and small animal bladders".[34][35]
• : Blaise Pascal invented a syringe (not necessarily hypodermic) as an application of what is now called Pascal's law.
• : Irish physician Francis Rynd invented the hollow needle and used it to make the first recorded subcutaneous injections, specifically a sedative to treat neuralgia.
• : Charles Pravaz and Alexander Wood independently developed medical syringes with a needle fine enough to pierce the skin. Pravaz's syringe was made of silver and used a screw mechanism to dispense fluids. Wood's syringe was made of glass, enabling its contents to be seen and measured, and used a plunger to inject them. It is effectively the syringe that is used today.
• : Charles Hunter coined the term "hypodermic", and developed an improvement to the syringe that locked the needle into place so that it would not be ejected from the end of the syringe when the plunger was depressed, and published research indicating that injections of pain relief could be given anywhere in the body, not just in the area of pain, and still be effective.[36]
• : The Medical and Chirurgical Society of London investigated whether injected narcotics had a general effect (as argued by Hunter) or whether they only worked locally (as argued by Wood). After conducting animal tests and soliciting opinions from the wider medical community, they firmly sided with Hunter.[36]
• : Luer taper allows two part syringes where the needle and syringe are easily fitted together or separated.
• : Letitia Mumford Geer patented a syringe which could be operated with one hand and which could be used for self-administered rectal injections.[37][38]
• : Chance Brothers in Smethwick, West Midlands, England, produced the first all-glass syringe with interchangeable barrel and plunger, thereby allowing mass-sterilisation of components without the need for matching them.
• : Australian inventor Charles Rothauser created the world's first plastic, disposable hypodermic syringe at his Adelaide factory.[citation needed]
• : Rothauser produced the first injection-moulded syringes made of polypropylene, a plastic that can be heat-sterilised. Millions were made for Australian and export markets.
• : New Zealand pharmacist and inventor Colin Murdoch was granted New Zealand and Australian patents for a disposable plastic syringe.

See also

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• Fire syringe has two meanings:
  • A fire piston, a fire starting device
  • A squirt, in the form of a large syringe, one of the first firefighting devices in history used to squirt water onto the burning fuel.[39]
• Autoinjector, a device to ease injection, e.g. by the patient or other untrained personnel.
• Hippy Sippy
• Jet injector, injects without a needle, by squirting the injection fluid so fast that it makes a hole in the skin.
• Luer taper, a standardized fitting system used for making leak-free connections between syringe tips and needles.
• Needle exchange programme, is a social policy based on the philosophy of harm reduction where injecting drug users (IDUs) can obtain hypodermic needles and associated injection equipment at little or no cost.
• Trypanophobia, a fairly common extreme fear of hypodermic syringes
• Syrette, similar to a syringe except that it has a closed flexible tube (like that used for toothpaste) instead of a rigid tube and piston.
• Syringing the ear to remove excess ear wax.
• Syrinx, the nymph from classical mythology after which syringes were supposedly named.
• Safety syringe, with features to prevent accidental needlesticks and reuse
• Vaginal syringe

References

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Further reading

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• Hans-Jürgen Bässler und Frank Lehmann : Containment Technology: Progress in the Pharmaceutical and Food Processing Industry. Springer, Berlin , ISBN 978-