What are all the different types, performance characteristics and applications of thermal energy storage systems?
4 answers
Thermal energy storage systems can be classified into three types: sensible heat storage (SHS), latent heat storage (LHS), and thermochemical heat storage (TCHS). SHS involves storing energy using temperature differences and materials such as water, molten salts, and graphite exhibit high energy density and thermal conductivity. LHS utilizes the latent heat of phase change materials, while TCHS utilizes reversible chemical reactions. These systems have various performance characteristics and applications. For SHS, water, molten salts, and graphite are commonly used in solar systems, while TCHS systems have the potential to reduce the volume of chemical storage tanks using chemical reactions. Solid thermal storage, such as tube-in-concrete and packed-bed technology, offers low-cost options for higher temperatures. Sorption thermochemical storage systems, including absorption materials like ionic liquids, can store thermal energy for long-term use. Seasonal thermal energy storage technologies, such as borehole and aquifer thermal energy storage, provide flexibility in smart energy systems and have applications in utilizing renewable energy sources, waste heat integration, and electrical network balancing.
What are the non-wire alternatives for distribution system?
4 answers
Non-wire alternatives (NWAs) for distribution systems include the use of energy storage systems, such as electrochemical batteries, and the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs). NWAs are gaining acceptance in areas where traditional reliability improvement methods are difficult to adopt or not cost-effective. The declining costs of energy storage systems make them a favorable option if supported by a sound value proposition. NWAs can manage peak load to avoid or delay traditional expansion projects, and their value stream can be incorporated into planning problems by co-optimizing investment and operation of DERs and the timing of capacity expansion. By considering NWAs, distribution system operators can minimize costs and improve reliability with minimum environmental impact.
What is the relation between Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) and cell?
5 answers
Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) is a technique used for the label-free and real-time detection of cell morphology, growth, and apoptosis. It is a valuable tool in the field of diagnostics, providing an alternative and complementary approach to conventional biochemical/pharmaceutical analysis. ECIS can be used to evaluate the effects of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) on human lung epithelial cells, helping to identify possible toxicity induced by exposure to different MOFs. ECIS can also be used to measure the impedance of cells cultured in the presence of nichrome, providing insights into cell behavior and viability. Additionally, ECIS can be used in combination with porous membrane electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (PM-ECIS) to measure barrier integrity in cell monolayers grown on permeable membranes, offering a non-invasive and real-time assessment of cells. Finally, ECIS sensor arrays with different electrode configurations can be used to monitor living cells and detect changes in cell status.
What is rir reps in reserve?
5 answers
Intraset repetitions in reserve (RIR) refers to the accuracy of predicting the number of repetitions that can be performed until failure during a set of exercises. A study by Remmert et al. assessed the accuracy of RIR predictions on machine-based movements in trained and untrained individuals. They found that RIR predictions were more accurate when closer to failure and in later sets, but factors such as sex, training experience, and experience rating RIR did not significantly influence prediction accuracy. On the other hand, the term "repository source term" (REPS) refers to a computer code developed for the safety assessment of radioactive waste geologic repositories. The REPS code takes into account various factors such as radionuclide leach rates, degradation of concrete structures, corrosion rates of waste containers, and characteristics of radionuclides. The code has been validated through comparison with leaching test results for Cs-137, Sr-85, and Co-60, showing good agreement.
What are model approaches for solar roatry kiln?
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Model approaches for solar rotary kilns have been studied in several papers. Khouya and Draoui developed mathematical models for a solar kiln with a thermal storage unit, which showed that the integration of thermal storage reduced drying time by up to 26.5% and improved energy efficiency. Phonetip et al. used a conventional laboratory kiln to simulate solar kiln conditions and developed a mathematical model to predict timber quality and moisture content during drying. The simulation results closely matched the measured solar kiln temperatures and accurately described the moisture content profile decrease. Shu and He proposed a rotary kiln with a shell external coating made of asbestos diatomaceous earth clay to decrease solar heat absorption and improve energy efficiency. These papers provide different model approaches for solar rotary kilns, including the use of thermal storage, simulation of solar kiln conditions, and external coatings to reduce heat absorption.
What is corrosion triangle?
4 answers
The corrosion triangle refers to a specific anatomical structure in the human heart known as the triangle of Brocq and Mouchet. It is an arteriovenous triangle formed by the anterior interventricular artery, circumflex artery, and the great cardiac vein. The triangle can be classified into different types based on its openness. The most common type is the inferiorly open triangle, followed by the closed type. The relationship of the great cardiac vein within the triangle varies, with it being predominantly to the left of the anterior interventricular artery. In some cases, the great cardiac vein crosses the circumflex artery either superficially or deeply. There are also variations observed, such as the intertwining type, which does not fit into any existing classification. The topography and variations of the great cardiac vein in relation to the arteries in this region are significant for interventional cardiology, radiology, and catheter-based procedures.
What is the effect of high temperature on the performance of MEMS capacitive pressure sensors?
5 answers
High temperature has an effect on the performance of MEMS capacitive pressure sensors. The sensors designed and fabricated using different process technologies showed decreased sensitivities with temperature. The diffused piezoresistor-based pressure sensor exhibited a decrease in sensitivity of 13% at 100 °C. The sensors with oxide isolated polysilicon piezoresistors demonstrated the best performance in terms of the lowest decrease of sensitivity at elevated temperatures of 200 °C. Another study presented shielded capacitive absolute pressure and force sensors for high-temperature applications with low-temperature drift. These sensors showed high thermal stability at 220 °C without additional compensations. Additionally, an innovative manufacturing process for capacitive pressure and force sensors with excellent thermal stability for high-temperature applications was presented. These sensors allowed an operating temperature of up to 500 °C with low temperature drift.
What are the non-wire alternatives?
5 answers
Non-wire alternatives (NWAs) are distributed energy resources (DERs) that can be used to manage peak load and avoid or delay traditional capacity expansion projects. DERs such as energy efficiency, energy storage, demand response, and solar photovoltaic can serve as NWAs to capacity expansion. In the context of breast cancer localization, non-wire alternatives include wire-free technologies such as LOCalizer™ radiofrequency identification (RFID) and SAVI Scout® (SAVI). These wire-free approaches are used as alternatives to wire localization (WL) for the localization of non-palpable breast cancers.
What are the different components of a solar charging system?
4 answers
A solar charging system consists of several components. These include a photovoltaic power generation assembly, a battery pack, a DC/DC converter, and a control assembly. The photovoltaic power generation assembly is responsible for converting solar energy into electric energy. The battery pack stores the electric energy generated by the photovoltaic power generation assembly. The DC/DC converter is used to connect the first and second battery packs, allowing for the transfer of electric energy between them. The control assembly is responsible for monitoring the voltage of the battery pack and controlling the connection/disconnection between the DC/DC converter and the battery pack based on the voltage level. Additionally, the solar charging system may also include other components such as a shell, mounting assembly, rotary drum assembly, guide assembly, locking assembly, rotating assembly, energy storage and power supply assembly, solar cell array, and release assembly.
What is the role of dopants in IMS spectroscopy ?
4 answers
Dopants play a crucial role in IMS spectroscopy by enhancing the detection of analytes with low proton affinity and improving the overall performance of the spectrometer. These substances, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), are introduced into the carrier gas to change the course of ion-molecule reactions. The use of NOx dopants significantly decreases the limits of detection (LODs) for aromatic compounds and does not affect the detection of compounds with high proton affinity. Dopants also prevent the ionization of interfering chemicals and can shift the peaks in the drift-time spectra, enabling the ionization of analytes with low proton affinities. In addition, dopants can reduce the effect of humidity on the detection of aromatic compounds. However, it is important to note that dopants used in IMS may not be suitable for use in emerging technologies like high field asymmetric waveform spectrometry (HiFAWS).
What are the key components of a solar charging system?
5 answers
A solar charging system typically consists of several key components. These include a solar panel or photovoltaic power generation assembly, a battery pack for energy storage, a charging circuit or DC/DC converter for controlling the charging and discharging of the battery, a voltage detection module for monitoring the battery voltage, a wireless communication module for data transmission, a controller for overall system control, and PWM drivers for regulating the power flow. Additionally, some systems may also include a temperature sensor for monitoring the temperature of the system. The solar panel absorbs sunlight and converts it into electrical energy, which is then stored in the battery pack. The controller and other components ensure efficient energy utilization and control the connection between the battery pack and the solar panel.
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