Iron is made by removing oxygen and other impurities from iron ore. When iron is combined with carbon, recycled steel and small amounts of other elements it becomes steel.
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Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon containing less than 2% carbon and 1% manganese and small amounts of silicon, phosphorus, sulphur and oxygen.
Steel is the world’s most important engineering and construction material. It is used in every aspect of our lives; in cars and construction products, refrigerators and washing machines, cargo ships and surgical scalpels.
Steel is produced via two main routes: the blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) route and electric arc furnace (EAF) route. Variations and combinations of production routes also exist.
The key difference between the routes is the type of raw materials they consume. For the BF-BOF route these are predominantly iron ore, coal, and recycled steel, while the EAF route produces steel using mainly recycled steel and electricity. Depending on the plant configuration and availability of recycled steel, other sources of metallic iron such as direct-reduced iron (DRI) or hot metal can also be used in the EAF route.
A total of around 70% of steel is produced using the BF-BOF route. First, iron ores are reduced to iron, also called hot metal or pig iron. Then the iron is converted to steel in the BOF. After casting and rolling, the steel is delivered as coil, plate, sections or bars.
Steel made in an EAF uses electricity to melt recycled steel. Additives, such as alloys, are used to adjust to the desired chemical composition. Electrical energy can be supplemented with oxygen injected into the EAF. Downstream process stages, such as casting, reheating and rolling, are similar to those found in the BF-BOF route. About 30% of steel is produced via the EAF route.
Another steelmaking technology, the open hearth furnace (OHF), makes up about 0.4% of global steel production. The OHF process is very energy-intensive and is in decline owing to its environmental and economic disadvantages.
Most steel products remain in use for decades before they can be recycled. Therefore, there is not enough recycled steel to meet growing demand using the EAF steelmaking method alone. Demand is met through the combined use of the BF-BOF and EAF production methods.
All of these production methods can use recycled steel scrap as an input. Most new steel contains recycled steel.
Check out our infographic Overview of the steelmaking process or our publication World Steel in Figures for more information.
Currently, the dominant method for producing steel from iron ore relies on fossil fuels as reducing agents. However, as new technologies are being implemented in pilot and commercial-scale facilities, a significant shift toward low-carbon steel production can begin within the next decade.
The steel industry is committed to continuing to reduce the carbon footprint from its operations and fully supports the aims of the Paris Agreement.
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There is no single solution to enable low and near-zero steelmaking, and a broad portfolio of technological options is required to be deployed alone or in combination as local circumstances permit. Our industry is leading much research, development and deployment (RD&D) efforts globally to develop each of these options.
For more information on the breakthrough technologies being developed to reduce CO2 emissions, see this page on worldsteel.org.
For our policy paper on Climate change and the production of iron and steel, check out this page on worldsteel.org.
Steel fabrication is one of the most profitable businesses, yet so beneficial. Steel stands out as one of the most commonly used metals with varied benefits. From the building and construction industry to water and sanitation, steel is used in a plethora of different ways.
In this blog post, we will take a look at some of the most common uses of steel.
The building and construction industry is one of the biggest consumers and supporters of steel fabrication. You can see steel in beams and internal support for houses. Steel is a hard metal, and can support heavy construction materials such as concrete and bricks.
It is also used to make household fittings such as taps, doors, hinges, and door handles. You can also find steel on the rooftops of most buildings, being used to support the roof. As a sturdy metal, steel is trusted to withhold the weight and wear and tear caused by aging and harsh weather conditions.
Most underground water pipes are made of stainless steel. The metal doesn't corrode and is trusted to last many years. Water and sanitation companies have used steel to store and transport water for over 150 years, according to STI/SPFA.
The water tankers used to transport drinking water are also made of stainless steel in addition to the most common pipes in homes. Steel pipes and fixtures are durable and safe to store and transport clean water.
Most offices and homes have steel appliances and furniture. You can trust original steel to last many years, and give you great service. Offices buy steel chairs which are more expensive than other materials. However, this is usually a long-term investment as the chairs last longer than any other material.
Home appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, laundry machines and dishwashers have steel components on them. Steel doesn't rust and is the best metal for such appliances because they use water. It also makes them more durable than plastic-coated appliances.
Most canned foods are stored in steel containers for preservation due to health concerns. Steel doesn't corrode and is great for storing food for long-term use. Items such as baked beans, canned milk and meats are stored in steel containers to keep them fresh and extend their shelf life. Steel can't contaminate foods and is the most trusted packaging material.
Steel is one of the most expensive metals, but it is also reliable for different industries. Fortunately, most steel fabrication companies use recycled steel instead of newly processed steel. Processing steel is an expensive venture, but steel is easily recyclable because it's not prone to destruction like other metals.
Contact us to discuss your requirements of Qingze Iron And Steel. Our experienced sales team can help you identify the options that best suit your needs.